600 BCE
Anaximander, c. 610 – c. 546 BC the first (true) cosmologist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaximander
‐ pre‐Socratic philosopher from Miletus, Ionia ‐ Nature ruled by natural laws ‐ Apeiron (boundless, infinite, indefinite), that out of which the universe originates • the following is from the Wikipedia article about APEIRON.
To find a representation of the music around the time of Anaximander, I found a Greek Music Timeline in the World history Encyclopedia online
https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Greek_Music/
There is a cool Timeline Search on the right side of the page, so I inserted Anaximander’s lifespan as my search and pulled up these two examples…
c. 575 BCE
Scythian Philosopher Anacharsis plays the tympanon in his celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries (read about it here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries , as accounted by Herodotus.
c. 550 BCE
The silver drachma of Delos depicts a lyre - symbolic of Apollo - on its reverse side.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece#Overview_of_the_first_complete_tone_system
Sources
The Greek tragedy playwright Euripides (c. 484-407 BCE) begins his Bacchae, the most frequently quoted writing about Dionysos and his cult, with an elaborate description of the tympanon, its creation, and its significance in the widespread worship of this god:
Dionysus
I, the son of Zeus, have come to this land of the Thebans—[…] I have left the wealthy lands of the Lydians and Phrygians, the sun-parched plains of the Persians, and the Bactrian walls, and have passed over the wintry land of the Medes, and blessed Arabia, and all of Asia which lies along the coast of the salt sea with its beautifully-towered cities full of Hellenes and barbarians mingled together; and I have come to this Hellene city first, having already set those other lands to dance and established my mysteries there, so that I might be a deity manifest among men.[…]
But, you women who have left Tmolus, the bulwark of Lydia, my sacred band, whom I have brought from among the barbarians as assistants and companions to me, take your drums (tympana), native instruments of the city of the Phrygians, the invention of mother Rhea and myself, and going about this palace of Pentheus beat them, so that Kadmos' city may see. I myself will go to the folds of Kithairon, where the Bacchae are, to share in their dances. (lines 1-64)
https://www.worldhistory.org/Tympanon/
(Music cue: Hymn to the Sun, By Mesomedes of Crete)
Check out this YouTube video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWkzM5p-ydk
More music from Ancient Greece for your listening pleasure:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoQUy9po5bk
Origin of everything[edit]
The apeiron…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeiron
…is central to the cosmological theory created by Anaximander, a 6th-century BC pre-Socratic Greek philosopher whose work is mostly lost. From the few existing fragments, we learn that he believed the beginning or ultimate reality (arche) is eternal and infinite, or boundless (apeiron), subject to neither old age nor decay, which perpetually yields fresh materials from which everything we can perceive is derived.[4]
EXPLORE ARCHE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche and the remarkable
Apeiron generated the opposites (hot–cold, wet–dry, etc.) which acted on the creation of the world (cf. Heraclitus). Everything is generated from apeiron and then it is destroyed by going back to apeiron, according to necessity.[5] He believed that infinite worlds are generated from apeiron and then they are destroyed there again.[6]
His ideas were influenced by the Greek mythical tradition and by his teacher Thales (7th to 6th century BC). Searching for some universal principle, Anaximander retained the traditional religious assumption that there was a cosmic order and tried to explain it rationally, using the old mythical language which ascribed divine control on various spheres of reality. This language was more suitable for a society which could see gods everywhere; therefore the first glimmerings of laws of nature were themselves derived from divine laws.[7] The Greeks believed that the universal principles could also be applied to human societies. The word nomos (law) may originally have meant natural law and used later to mean man-made law.[8]
Greek philosophy entered a high level of abstraction. It adopted apeiron as the origin of all things, because it is completely indefinite. This is a further transition from the previous existing mythical way of thought to the newer rational way of thought which is the main characteristic of the archaic period (8th to 6th century BC). This shift in thought is correlated with the new political conditions in the Greek city states during the 6th century BC.[9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeiron
TWO AWESOME WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES
Did anyone in the world ever get that excited about an entry in Wikipedia? Really? Well, I fell in love with the article on Anaximander and of course had to drill into the meaning of the word, GNOMON. OK. First of all, I just love the word, Gnomon. Sounds like a character from a Harry Potter novel (or movie…whichever is your favorite), right? But its EVEN BETTER than THAT! But wait…I’m getting ahead of myself. Lets go back and meet this guy, Anaximander…Or better yet, lets back up a bit and meet his progenitor (good word, huh?...go ahead and google that one yourself…progenitor), Pythagoras.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras
Pythagoras supposedly said,”"There is geometry in the humming of the strings, there is music in the spacing of the spheres." — Pythagoras.”
(play string theory music)
“...In antiquity, Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the Theory of Proportions, the sphericity of the Earth, and the identity of the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher ("lover of wisdom")[c] and that he was the first to divide the globe into five climatic zones. Classical historians debate whether Pythagoras made these discoveries, and many of the accomplishments credited to him likely originated earlier or were made by his colleagues or successors…”
Sec. 10823. Next generation of astrophysics Great Observatories.
CHIPS and Science Act of 2022
H. R. 4346
Puts forth a sense of Congress that NASA’s Great Observatories have enabled major scientific advances, that the most recent astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey recommended studying the universe through a range of observation types, that the United States and NASA are uniquely poised to lead the world in the implementation of the next generation of Great observatories, and that the Administrator should pursue an ambitious astrophysics program that meets the scientific vision of the astronomical community and implement lessons learned from previous astrophysics missions to avoid major cost growth in flagship-class missions.
Also directs the Administrator to continue the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope in the configuration established through critical design review and following the requirements under section 30104 of title 51 on cost and schedule and direct the Administrator to provide quarterly reports to the appropriate committees of Congress on the telescope’s progress.
Follow the music and science in Episode 5
THE FUTURE in space
Different types of telescopes
Brief history of modern telescopes
In future episodes we will learn about the telescopes that were invented that laid the groundwork fir these more advanced devices…
Flying out to space
BIG NASA telescopes
https://www.planetary.org/search-results?q=telescope
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-webb-telescope-will-continue-spitzers-legacy
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/search?query=telescope
Tell everyone about the telescope timeline. Since I’ve been researching and developing ideas for a couple of years in preparation for beginning the composition of Opus Magnanimous, I’ve found many snippets of information about scientists, telescopes and other inventions, and each little article, blog, podcast, or book has given a piece of the picture. I think when I’m finished with this magnanimous project, that I’ll have a pretty comprehensive timeline of discoveries and their people! I will definitely be publishing this on my Opus Magnanimous webpage(s) for students, teachers, scholars and others as a hopefully helpful historical-scientific guide!
As a preview of the Telescope Timeline, I’d like to share this Nice history of telescopes
https://interestingengineering.com/science/a-brief-history-of-the-telescope-from-1608-to-gamma-rays
(consolidate this info with existing timeline)
In our next episode, Episode 5, we’ll compare some of the big space telescopes that are in the news a lot…the Hubble, the NGST, and the planned Nancy Grace Roman.
Who was
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Nancy_Roman
https://www.google.com/search?q=nancy+grace+roman&oq=nancy+grace+roman&aqs=chrome..69i57j46i433i512j0i131i433i512j0i512l2j69i60j69i61l2.2953j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://mag.uchicago.edu/science-medicine/wider-scope
Nancy Grace Roman (May 16, 1925 – December 25, 2018)
Another great article about NGR https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/people/225/nancy-roman-1925-2018/
(read a bit)
and…https://mag.uchicago.edu/science-medicine/wider-scope
(MUSIC CUES liszt_piano_concerto_e-major_malediction_S-121_(c)laviano
https://mag.uchicago.edu/science-medicine/wider-scope
Nancy Grace Roman Will be Launching on a Falcon Heavy Rocket
NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is under construction and still on track for a launch in 2026. We learned last week that NASA has decided to launch the mission on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. The total cost will be $255 million, including the launch service and other mission-related costs, which is more expensive than SpaceX's $90 million sticker price but still cheaper than any other equivalent launch system on the market.
Nancy Grace Roman Will be Launching on a Falcon Heavy Rocket
In 2026, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (RST) – aka. the “Mother of Hubble” – will take to space and begin addressing some of the deepest mysteries of the Universe. This will include capturing the deepest field images of the cosmos, refining measurements of the Hubble Constant (aka. Hubble’s Law) (read about it here https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/hubble/
, and determining the role of Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the evolution of the cosmos. Alongside its next-generation partner, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the RST will acquire infrared images with over 200 times the surveying power of its predecessor with the same rich level of detail.
On Tuesday, July 19th, NASA announced that it had awarded SpaceX with a Launch Services (NLS) II contract to provide the rocket that will deploy the RST mission to space. As specified in the NLS II, the launch will take place in October 2026 (May 2027, at the latest) and consist of a Falcon Heavy rocket transporting the RST from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center to orbit. This indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract is valued at approximately $255 million and covers the launch and other mission-related costs.
Previously known as the Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope (WFIRST), the RST was originally proposed in 2010 as a successor to Hubble. The proposal was based on the same design as Hubble, with a 2.4-meter (7.9-foot) field of view primary mirror and two scientific instruments. This includes the Wide-Field Instrument (WFI), a 300.8-megapixel camera covering the visible and near-infrared spectrum, and the Coronograph Instrument (CGI) – a high-contrast spectrometer that incorporates starlight-suppression technology.
In May 2020, NASA renamed the telescope to honor Dr. Nancy Grace Roman, NASA’s first Chief Astronomer and a tireless advocate for space-based astronomy. By March 2021, NASA announced that the RST would be getting an upgrade with the addition of a K-band filter. This effectively expands the RST’s infrared imaging range to 0.5 to 23 micrometers – 500 to 23,000 nanometers (nm) – ranging from the near- to the far-infrared spectrum. With these capabilities, the RST’s science program will include dedicated investigations addressing several enduring mysteries in modern cosmology.
These include the study and characterization of exoplanets, which will narrow the search for habitable planets and Earth analogs and complete the census of exoplanets. In particular, the RST will use its tremendous field of view to detect thousands of smaller, rocky planets that orbit closely to their parent stars – in their habitable zones (HZs). These planets will be designated for follow-up observations by Webb, which will use its extremely-sensitive IR optics to obtain spectra from their atmospheres and surfaces.
Its powerful optics will also conduct the deepest surveys of the Universe to reveal the earliest stars and galaxies, which formed roughly 100 million years after the Big Bang. These scientific operations will complement the ESA’s EUCLID mission and allow astronomers to investigate possible causes of cosmic acceleration. Current theories include the existence of Dark Energy or Modified Newtonian Gravity (MOND), which states that General Relativity breaks down on cosmological scales. These operations will also address questions about the fate of the Universe, like if it will tear itself apart someday (the Big Rip theory).
Read about the Big Rip here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Rip
The telescope’s wide-field surveys will also enable new studies into the nature of Dark Matter and its role in cosmic evolution. Furthermore, the RST mission also includes a substantial general investigator program that will allow for further studies of astrophysical phenomena. This will enable opportunities to collaborate with other science missions and space agencies and advance other scientific goals. This is very good news for NASA, its partner agencies, and space-based astronomy fans!
After years of waiting for James Webb to get to space and start shooting the most breathtaking and detailed images ever seen, it’s encouraging to know that the next next-generation telescope is not far behind. While delays are always possible, Roman’s comparatively simple design will likely make for a speedier launch schedule. It’s also good news for SpaceX, which has secured many high-priority and lucrative contracts with NASA in recent years.
https://www.universetoday.com/156847/nancy-grace-roman-will-be-launching-on-a-falcon-heavy-rocket/
UNIVERSE TODAY
Space and astronomy news
Has a great article published on June 13th about the International Liquid Mirror Telescope This new telescope was constructed at Devasthal Peak, an 8,040 foot mountain in the central Himalayan mountains. This new scope has a big mirror that rotates and is coated with mercury. This is supposed to more effectively catch light from the far cosmos. Telescopes that this and of course, the famous James Webb space telescope can look farther than ever before and with better clarity. Our new telescopes can detect different kinds of light…not just the light that is visible to human eyes. We have only recently seen actual pictures of the black hole at the center of our very own Milky Way…where we all live in the suburbs.
Liquid Mirror Telescope with Dr. Paul Hickson
https://youtu.be/MCHK0wJIt8A
🚀 June 24, 2022: Gaia's Data Release, Amino Acids from Space, Mars as an Asteroid Mining Base And More...
Fraser Cain/Universe Today
Fraser Cain emails…(see OM research folder)
July 3 2022 Meet Jocelyn Bell Burnell, the Pioneer Who Found the First Pulsar
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/news-jocelyn-bell-burnell-breakthrough-prize-pulsars-astronomy
July 3 2022 Chandra Observes Young, Fast Spinning Magnetar and Its Environment | Sci-News.com
http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/chandra-young-fast-spinning-magnetar-09240.html
'Hubble Captures Giant Elliptical in the Head of the Serpent' image from the #NASA_App
https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2022/hubble-captures-giant-elliptical-in-the-head-of-the-serpent
James Webb Just Found The Most Distant Galaxy Ever Without Even Trying
https://youtu.be/SF3wF21fkRc
Impacting Asteroid Bennu with OSIRIS-REx delivered unexpected results
https://youtu.be/AyDJziXOexg
Some of the amazing discoveries that have become possible thanks to these telescopes
https://interestingengineering.com/science/a-brief-history-of-the-telescope-from-1608-to-gamma-rays
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/people/225/nancy-roman-1925-2018/